Kisi ke faut hone ke baad ghar mein sab se pehla sawal yahi hota hai: kis ko kitna milega? Qur'an ne wirasat ke hisse khud muqarrar kiye hain (Surah An-Nisa 4:11, 4:12 aur 4:176), is liye yeh kisi ki marzi ka maamla nahi. Is guide mein har qareebi rishtedar ka hissa aik table mein hai, phir Rs 1 crore ke tarke ki 6 aam misaalein, Sunni (Hanafi) aur Shia (Jafari) dono tareeqon se.
Hanafi hisse Qur'an aur Hanafi fiqh ke aam qawaid par hain, aur Shia hisse Ayatollah Sistani ki kitab Islamic Laws (masail 2745 se 2796) par. Yeh guide hisaab samjhane ke liye hai, fatwa nahi. Asal taqseem se pehle kisi mufti, aalim ya wakeel se tasdeeq karein.
1. Taqseem se pehle kya nikalta hai
Marhoom ka saara maal (naqdi, bank, plot, ghar, sona, gaari, karobar) isi tarteeb se kharch hota hai:
- Kafan dafan: munasib kharch, agar kisi ne apni taraf se na diya ho.
- Qarz: saara qarz, biwi ka baqi mahr bhi qarz hai.
- Wasiyyat: qarz ke baad baqi ka zyada se zyada 1/3, aur kisi waris ke liye nahi (Sunni fiqh mein), jab tak baqi waris raazi na hon.
Jo bachta hai wahi waris mein bat-ta hai. Neeche har misaal mein yahi bachi hui raqam Rs 1 crore maani gayi hai.
2. Har waris ka hissa aik nazar mein
| Waris | Hissa | Kab |
|---|---|---|
| Shohar | 1/2 ya 1/4 | Marhooma ki aulad nahi to 1/2, aulad hai to 1/4 |
| Biwi (aik ya zyada) | 1/4 ya 1/8 | Marhoom ki aulad nahi to 1/4, aulad hai to 1/8, biwiyon mein barabar |
| Maa | 1/3 ya 1/6 | Aulad ho, ya do ya zyada bhai behen hon, to 1/6, warna 1/3 |
| Baap | 1/6 + baqi | Beta ho to sirf 1/6; sirf betiyan hon to 1/6 aur bacha hua; aulad na ho to baqi sab |
| Beta | Baqi (asaba) | Muqarrar hisson ke baad baqi maal, beti se dugna |
| Beti | 1/2, 2/3 ya bete ka aadha | Beta ho to us ka aadha; aik beti 1/2; do ya zyada 2/3 |
| Sagi behen | 1/2, 2/3 ya baqi | Sirf tab jab beta, pota aur baap na hon; betiyon ke saath baqi leti hai (Hanafi) |
| Sage bhai | Baqi (asaba) | Sirf tab jab beta, pota aur baap na hon (Hanafi mein dada bhi na ho) |
| Akhyafi bhai behen (sirf maa aik) | 1/6 ya 1/3 | Aik ho to 1/6, zyada hon to 1/3 barabar; aulad, baap ya dada ho to kuch nahi |
Bete ko beti se dugna kyun? Qur'an (4:11) ne yahi hukm diya hai. Ulama iski wajah bete ki zimmedariyan batate hain: mahr dena aur biwi bachon aur aksar walidain ka kharch uthana, jabke beti ka hissa sirf us ka hai.
3. Kaun kis ko mehroom karta hai
- Beta ho to pote, saare bhai behen, bhatije aur chacha kuch nahi lete.
- Baap ho to dada aur saare bhai behen kuch nahi lete.
- Maa ho to dadi aur nani kuch nahi letin.
- Shohar, biwi, maa, baap, beta aur beti kabhi mehroom nahi hote.
- Shia fiqh mein rishtedar teen darjon mein hain: (1) maa baap aur aulad, (2) dada dadi nana nani aur bhai behen, (3) chacha phuphi mamoon khala. Pehle darje ka koi aik bhi zinda ho to doosre aur teesre darje wale kuch nahi lete. Shohar/biwi har darje ke saath waris hain.
4. Rs 1 crore ki 6 misaalein
Misaal 1: Biwi, 2 bete aur 1 beti
| Waris | Hissa | Raqam (Sunni aur Shia dono) |
|---|---|---|
| Biwi | 1/8 | Rs 1,250,000 |
| Har beta | 7/20 | Rs 3,500,000 |
| Beti | 7/40 | Rs 1,750,000 |
Biwi ka 1/8 nikaal kar baqi 7/8 ke 5 hisse bane (beta 2, beta 2, beti 1).
Misaal 2: Biwi, maa, baap aur 2 betiyan
| Waris | Sunni (Hanafi) | Shia (Jafari) |
|---|---|---|
| Biwi | 1/9 = Rs 1,111,111 | 1/8 = Rs 1,250,000 |
| Maa | 4/27 = Rs 1,481,481 | 1/6 = Rs 1,666,667 |
| Baap | 4/27 = Rs 1,481,481 | 1/6 = Rs 1,666,667 |
| Har beti | 8/27 = Rs 2,962,963 | 13/48 = Rs 2,708,333 |
Yahan hisse 1/8 + 1/6 + 1/6 + 2/3 jor kar poore se zyada (27/24) ho jate hain. Sunni fiqh mein 'awl hota hai: sab ke hisse usi tanasub se chhote ho jate hain, aur biwi ka 1/8 ghat kar 1/9 reh jata hai. Shia fiqh mein 'awl nahi: biwi aur maa baap ko poora hissa milta hai aur kami betiyon ke hisse se poori hoti hai.
Misaal 3: Aurat faut hui, shohar, maa aur aik bhai
| Waris | Sunni (Hanafi) | Shia (Jafari) |
|---|---|---|
| Shohar | 1/2 = Rs 5,000,000 | 1/2 = Rs 5,000,000 |
| Maa | 1/3 = Rs 3,333,333 | 1/2 = Rs 5,000,000 |
| Bhai | 1/6 = Rs 1,666,667 | Kuch nahi |
Shia fiqh mein maa pehle darje ki waris hai, is liye bhai (doosra darja) kuch nahi leta aur baqi maa ko jata hai.
Misaal 4: Sirf 2 betiyan aur marhoom ka aik bhai
| Waris | Sunni (Hanafi) | Shia (Jafari) |
|---|---|---|
| Har beti | 1/3 = Rs 3,333,333 | 1/2 = Rs 5,000,000 |
| Bhai | 1/3 = Rs 3,333,333 | Kuch nahi |
Yeh woh soorat hai jahan dono fiqh mein sab se bara farq aata hai. Hanafi fiqh mein do betiyon ka hissa 2/3 hai aur baqi 1/3 bhai (asaba) ka. Bhai na ho to yeh bhatije, phir chacha ko jata hai.
Misaal 5: Biwi aur maa (aulad, baap aur bhai behen nahi)
| Waris | Hissa | Raqam (Sunni aur Shia dono) |
|---|---|---|
| Biwi | 1/4 | Rs 2,500,000 |
| Maa | 3/4 | Rs 7,500,000 |
Maa ka muqarrar hissa 1/3 hai, lekin koi asaba nahi, is liye bacha hua radd ho kar maa ko wapas jata hai. Radd shohar/biwi ko nahi milta.
Misaal 6: Aurat faut hui, shohar, aik beti aur sagi behen
| Waris | Sunni (Hanafi) | Shia (Jafari) |
|---|---|---|
| Shohar | 1/4 = Rs 2,500,000 | 1/4 = Rs 2,500,000 |
| Beti | 1/2 = Rs 5,000,000 | 3/4 = Rs 7,500,000 |
| Behen | 1/4 = Rs 2,500,000 | Kuch nahi |
5. Sunni aur Shia wirasat mein farq
| Masla | Sunni (Hanafi) | Shia (Jafari) |
|---|---|---|
| Baqi maal kis ko | Qareebi mard rishtedar (asaba) | Qareeb ke darje ko, mard aurat dono |
| Betiyon ke saath bhai/chacha | Baqi le lete hain | Kuch nahi lete |
| Hisse zyada hon ('awl) | Sab ke hisse kam | 'Awl nahi, kami betiyon/behnon par |
| Biwi aur zameen | Har cheez mein waris | Zameen mein nahi, imarat ki qeemat mein waris |
| Nana nani | Nana waris nahi (zawil arham) | Doosre darje ke waris |
| Bara beta | Koi khaas hissa nahi | Baap ka Qur'an, angoothi, talwar aur kapre (hibwah) |
6. Pakistan mein qanooni pehlu
- Yateem pota poti: riwayati fiqh mein beta zinda ho to pota waris nahi. Lekin Muslim Family Laws Ordinance 1961 ki section 4 kehti hai ke marhoom bete ke bachon ko wahi hissa milega jo un ke walid ko milta. Aisi soorat mein wakeel se zaroor mashwara karein.
- Certificate: bank, shares aur gaari ke liye NADRA ka Succession Facilitation Unit ya civil court se Succession Certificate; zameen ke liye inteqal-e-wirasat. NADRA ka Family Registration Certificate (FRC) dono jagah chahiye.
- Aurton ka hissa: Pakistan Penal Code ki section 498A ke tehat aurat ko dhoke ya zabardasti se wirasat se mehroom karna jurm hai.
7. Aam ghaltiyan
- Betiyon aur behnon ka hissa "jahez de diya" keh kar na dena. Jahez wirasat ka badal nahi.
- Taqseem saalon tak latkaye rakhna. Is dauran koi aur waris faut ho jaye to hisaab bahut uljh jata hai.
- Qarz aur biwi ka mahr ada kiye baghair taqseem kar dena.
- Wasiyyat ko 1/3 se zyada ya kisi waris ke haq mein laagu kar dena.
- Zubani baant kar inteqal na karwana, jis se baad mein jhagre hote hain.
Frequently asked questions
Biwi ka wirasat mein kitna hissa hai?
Agar shohar ki aulad hai to biwi ko 1/8, aulad nahi to 1/4. Do, teen ya chaar biwiyan hon to yahi 1/8 ya 1/4 un mein barabar bat-ta hai. Yeh Sunni aur Shia dono mein aik jaisa hai, lekin Shia fiqh mein biwi zameen mein waris nahi, imaraton aur darakhton ki qeemat mein waris hai.
Shohar ka biwi ki wirasat mein kitna hissa hai?
Agar biwi ki aulad hai (kisi bhi shohar se) to shohar ko 1/4, aulad nahi to 1/2.
Beti ka hissa kitna hai?
Beta ho to har beti ko bete ka aadha milta hai. Beta na ho to aik beti ko 1/2 aur do ya zyada betiyon ko mil kar 2/3. Agar koi aur waris baqi maal lene wala na ho to bacha hua bhi betiyon ko wapas mil jata hai.
Maa ka bete ki wirasat mein kitna hissa hai?
Marhoom ki aulad ho to maa ko 1/6. Aulad na ho to 1/3, lekin agar marhoom ke do ya zyada bhai behen hon to 1/6. Hanafi fiqh mein agar sirf shohar/biwi aur maa baap hon to maa ko shohar/biwi ka hissa nikaal kar baqi ka 1/3 milta hai.
Kya sirf betiyan hon to chacha ya bhai ko hissa milta hai?
Sunni (Hanafi) fiqh mein haan: betiyan apna 1/2 ya 2/3 leti hain aur baqi bhai ya bhai na ho to chacha ko jata hai. Shia (Jafari) fiqh mein nahi: beti pehle darje ki waris hai, is liye poora tarka betiyon (aur maa baap ho to unhein) milta hai.
Kya behen apna hissa maaf kar sakti hai?
Haan, lekin sirf taqseem ke baad, apni marzi se aur poori maloomat ke saath. Pehle hissa us ke naam karein, phir wo chahe to tohfa de sakti hai. Dabao ya sharm mein likhwaya gaya 'haq maaf' shariat aur Pakistani qanoon dono mein kamzor hai.
Pakistan mein wirasat ka certificate kaise banta hai?
Bank balance, gaari aur shares ke liye NADRA ka Succession Facilitation Unit (Letters of Administration and Succession Certificates Act 2020) se Succession Certificate banta hai, ya civil court se. Zameen ka inteqal-e-wirasat patwari ya Land Record Centre se hota hai. Dono mein waris ka Family Registration Certificate (FRC) chahiye.
This guide is general information, not professional advice. Rates and rules change — check the official source before you file or sign anything. See our Disclaimer.