Khums ka hisaab sunne mein mushkil lagta hai, lekin asal mein yeh aik seedha sa formula hai: saal ki tareekh par jo bachat hai, us mein se kuch cheezein minus karein aur baqi ka 20% de dein. Log aksar teen jagah uljhan mein parte hain: kin cheezon ko ginna hai, kya minus hota hai, aur pichle saal ka khums-shuda paisa kaise alag karna hai. Is guide mein yeh sab asaan Urdu mein, aik mukammal misaal ke saath samjhaya gaya hai.
Aik zaroori baat pehle: yeh guide Ayatollah Sistani ki kitab Islamic Laws (masail 1769 se 1804) ki bunyad par hisaab samjhane ke liye hai, fatwa nahi. Kuch masail par maraji ki raye mukhtalif hai, is liye apne marja ke daftar ya kisi aalim se zaroor tasdeeq karein.
1. Khums ki tareekh muqarrar karein
Saal mein aik din chun lein, jaise jis din pehli tankhwah mili thi ya koi bhi asaan tareekh. Yeh qamri (Islami) ya shamsi (angrezi) dono calendar se ho sakti hai (masla 1783). Har saal usi din jo kuch aap ke paas hai us ka hisaab hoga.
2. Us din kya kya ginna hai
- Naqdi aur bank balance: ghar mein cash aur saare accounts ka balance.
- Bachat aur investment: shares, funds, prize bonds, crypto, savings certificates, aaj ki qeemat par.
- Bachat ke liye rakha sona chandi: wo zewar nahi jo aap apni haisiyat ke mutabiq pehnte hain.
- Karobar ka maal: bechne wala stock aur karobar ki naqdi.
- Bacha hua rashan: is saal khareeda gaya chawal, aata, ghee waghera jo bach gaya.
- Diya hua qarz: jo paisa kisi ko udhaar diya aur wapas milna hai. Kai maraji ke nazdeek is ka khums wapas milne par diya ja sakta hai.
Jo paisa aap ne kifayat se bachaya, us par bhi khums hai (masla 1773). Tohfa bhi aamdani mein shamil hai (masla 1770).
3. Kya minus karna hai
- Khums-shuda maal: pichle saalon ki wo bachat jis ka khums aap de chuke hain. Is par dobara khums nahi.
- Mahr aur jaiz wirasat: in par khums nahi (masla 1771).
- Is saal ke kharch ka qarz: ghar ki zaroorat ke liye liya gaya qarz jo abhi baqi hai (masla 1803). Lekin maal barhane ke liye liya gaya qarz minus nahi hota (masla 1804).
Saal bhar ka khana, kapre, makan ka kharch, ilaj, hajj aur ziyarat jaise kharch jo aap ki haisiyat ke mutabiq hon khums se bahar hain (masail 1792, 1795). Saal ke andar khareedi aur istemal ki gayi ghar ki cheezein bhi (masla 1798).
4. Formula
Khums = 20% × (khums ki tareekh par maal − khums-shuda maal − mahr/wirasat − kharch ka qarz)
Phir is raqam ke do barabar hisse: aadha Sahm-e-Imam aur aadha Sahm-e-Sadat.
5. Hal shuda misaal
| Khums ki tareekh par | Raqam |
|---|---|
| Naqdi aur bank balance | Rs 450,000 |
| Bachat (shares, prize bonds) | Rs 200,000 |
| Bacha hua rashan | Rs 15,000 |
| Dost ko diya hua qarz | Rs 50,000 |
| Kul maal | Rs 715,000 |
| Minus: pichle saal ki khums-shuda bachat | − Rs 300,000 |
| Minus: ghar ke kharch ka baqi qarz | − Rs 25,000 |
| Bachat (surplus) | Rs 390,000 |
| Khums (20%) | Rs 78,000 |
| Sahm-e-Imam / Sahm-e-Sadat | Rs 39,000 + Rs 39,000 |
Khums dene ke baad yeh Rs 390,000 khums-shuda ho jate hain. Agle saal inhein "khums-shuda maal" mein likhein taake dobara na gine. Agar aap dost wale qarz ka khums abhi nahi dena chahte, to usay hata dein: tab bachat Rs 340,000 aur khums Rs 68,000 banega, aur qarz wapas milne par Rs 10,000 khums dena hoga.
6. Aam ghaltiyan
- Pichle saal ki khums-shuda bachat ko dobara gin lena.
- Istemal ki cheezon (gaari, furniture, kapre) ko bachat samajh lena.
- Saal ki tareekh muqarrar na karna aur har saal alag din hisaab karna.
- Pehle khums saal mein pehle se maujood maal ke baare mein marja se na poochna.
- Kisi ghair-karobari cheez ko munafe par bechne ke baad munafe ka khums bhool jana (masla 1787).
Frequently asked questions
Khums kya hai?
Khums ka matlab hai paanchwan hissa (20%). Saal mein aik dafa, apni muqarrar tareekh par, saal ki aamdani mein se ghar ke kharch nikaal kar jo bachta hai us ka 20% khums hota hai. Yeh zyada tar Shia musalman ada karte hain.
Khums kitna banta hai?
Saal ki bachat (surplus) ka 20%. Misaal ke taur par agar khums ki tareekh par Rs 390,000 ki bachat hai to khums Rs 78,000 banega: Rs 39,000 Sahm-e-Imam aur Rs 39,000 Sahm-e-Sadat.
Kya tankhwah par khums hai?
Tankhwah aate hi us par khums nahi. Saal bhar ghar ke kharch ke baad khums ki tareekh par jo tankhwah bach jaye, us par khums hai.
Kya ghar aur gaari par khums hai?
Agar apne istemal ke liye hain aur aap ki haisiyat ke mutabiq hain to yeh kharch mein shumar hote hain, un par khums nahi. Investment ke liye khareeda gaya plot ya ghar, ya agle saalon ke liye rakha hua saman, aam taur par khums mein aata hai.
Kya tohfe, mahr aur wirasat par khums hai?
Ayatollah Sistani ke mutabiq tohfa aamdani mein shamil hai aur saal ke kharch se zyada ho to us par khums hai. Mahr aur jaiz wirasat par khums nahi. Tohfe ke baare mein kuch doosre maraji ki raye mukhtalif hai.
Zakat aur khums mein kya farq hai?
Zakat 2.5% hai jo nisab se zyada maal par aik qamri saal ke baad lagti hai. Khums 20% hai jo saal ki bachat par lagta hai. Shia fiqh mein naqdi (cash) par zakat wajib nahi, lekin sone chandi ke sikkon, maweshi aur ghalle jaisi cheezon par zakat hai.
Khums kise dein?
Khums ke do barabar hisse hain. Sahm-e-Imam aam taur par apne marja ke daftar ya un ke numainde ko diya jata hai. Sahm-e-Sadat mustahiq Sadaat ke liye hai, apne marja ki sharait ke mutabiq. Dene se pehle apne marja ki hidayat zaroor parhein.
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